FREE ESSAY ON CHANGES OF POLITICAL THOUGHT

CHANGES OF POLITICAL THOUGHT

The study of western political thought has endured a drastic change throughout the
centuries. This shift occurred through the queries of ancient philosophical minds such as
Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and St. Augustine. Two examples of great importance are the
inequality of gender and the role of power distributed and issued within the state.
Plato believed all people, men and women alike are created equal; this notion runs
parallel to our modern day Constitution. He states "if we are to set women to the same
tasks as men, we must teach them the same things," they must endure "training for the
mind and body and also be taught the art of war" (149). Plato developed a role known as a
guardian or a soldier to protect over the people. He relates this to the fact that if
watchdogs can be both male and female why can't guardians. 
Aristotle is known as Plato's greatest pupil. He was strongly influenced by the teachings
of Plato but was also known for ridiculing some of his ways. His view of women is
drastically different from those of Plato. By nature, he says, women are to be dominated
by men. Aristotle refers to women as imperfect men. He acknowledges that women can
possess reason, but can not obtain the same stature as men. Aristotle believes the only
purpose that women serve is to provide matter for the child and the men provide the form.
His ideas of form and matter are very different from that of Plato, since his beliefs are
void of matter holding only form as the essence behind life.
The beginning of Stoic philosophy formed a totally different view on the idea of
equality. Equality was no longer devised with respects to a community in the whole, but
rather as individuals. The Stoics developed a system consisting of three classes.
Everyone within each particular class was considered equals. They were strong followers
of the concept of natural law, which meant both men and women can reason. Their reasoning
was treated in the same respects no matter what gender; this statement is very different
from that of Aristotle. Zeno, the founder of the Stoics, believed in the notion of
brotherhood among all, men and women alike.
St. Augustine took the Stoics ideas of equality one step further. His views pertain to
that of the Christian approach. Augustine believed that people were all equals within the
City of God. Spiritually women were identical to men, but physically they shared many
differences. This idea of equality holds true even to present day.
These paragraphs demonstrate a tremendous change in the equality of women within society.
Another example that was greatly impacted by these time periods was the change in the
role of power distributed and issued within the state.
Plato held the belief of the philosopher king. He believed to ensure the ideal state
"either philosophers (were to) become kings in their countries or those who are now
called kings and rulers come to be sufficiently inspired with a desire for wisdom" (179).
Plato believed only the wise could execute proper justice. A just city is an ideal city
for Plato, one in which the philosopher was in total control.
Aristotle's views greatly differ from Plato's. Aristotle believed that each individual in
their self made the polis. He compares having only one person as a "hand" (112) without a
body, put that hand with the rest of the body and it can work to its fullest potential.
This describes individuals working as a whole to better the polis. By including all
citizens Aristotle believed he had created the ideal city.
During the time of the Stoics, many important philosophers gave their opinions about the
issues of authority within the state. As stated previously, Zeno was a strong believer of
the brotherhood among all. The Stoics notion of natural law granted all people within the
state, of any class, to be offered the ability to share their opinion of government.
Another philosopher, Polibius, agreed with Aristotle's concept of mixed constitution. 
Government was gradually moving away from the days of Plato.
Augustine defined the Christian rule of the Church over state. In order to have the ideal
government, Augustine believed law should co-relate to that of the Church. He believed
firstly that the state should promote peace and prosperity among the people. Secondly,
that it should reflect only true religion. Lastly, the government should work to
establish commonly accepted rules for acquiring the necessities of life. God has doctrine
over man, therefore; he has doctrine over state.
After much reading for this report, I realized the major impact these philosophers have
had both in equality and state over the nations of today. This shows that at one time
certain governments or rights were at there prime, but as time progresses things change.
One thing will always remain and that is the impact of religion over society.