FREE ESSAY ON GEORGIA O'KEEFFE

GEORGIA O'KEEFFE

Georgia O'Keeffe was an artist of world renown but a person of mysterious
character. She lived a unique life which was not accepted as moral by most people. She
surrounded herself with artistic, creative minds and carefully selected her friends and
confidants. Events in her youth influenced her actions and artwork for almost 100 years.

O'Keeffe moved about the country, a lover of travel who never was satiated. She came
from an eccentric family with mixed ethnic heritage, and the women around her were
strong and self- confident. Her life was an epic tale, worthy of retelling. 
On November 15, 1887, Georgia was second born of seven children to Ida and
Francis O'Keeffe. Living in rural Wisconsin, her father came from a typical Irish
Catholic
matriarchy, where mother's word was final. Ida O'Keeffe was an ambitious woman
"whose dream of becoming a doctor was laid to rest...by her marriage to the tenant
farmer
Frank...in a loveless union (Hogrefe 13)." Perhaps it was the stifling of her ambition
that
led Ida to treat Georgia so badly. As a young girl, the artist was described as
precocious,
mentally mature, and "queen of the castle", whether it be in relation to her siblings or
fellow students in the studio. Either way, her mother was generally a cold person who
offered little affection to her oldest daughter, even going so far as to lock her in the
back
room, alone, when company came. Thus, Georgia turned to a close relationship with her
father. The family knew that Georgia was Frank's favorite, and he took her on excursions
and gave her special privileges. 
All this came with consequences, though. It is a widely accepted fact that she was
sexually abused by her father, older brother, or both, which accounts for many of
O'Keeffe's "unorthodox" behaviors throughout her life. For example, in boarding school
she was known to kiss and touch her female classmates frequently. When enrolled in
classes at the Art Students' League in New York City, she ran, terrified, out of a
figure
drawing class where stood a male nude model. In all her years, Georgia surrounded
herself with ineffectual males who were frequently homosexual. Perhaps she liked them
because they posed no threat to her. On the other hand, she adored her female
counterparts, having friendships with some and sexual relationships with others. She was
even known to sit in a shed at the Stieglitz summer home in Lake George, NY, and paint
naked for hours. Sometimes her young niece would make art at her side, and it is
uncertain whether there were romantic relations between them. It was clear that
Georgia's unusual upbringing led to an unusual lifestyle, in any case. 
Ida seemed to want a somewhat normal life for her children, and insisted they be
brought up Protestant, but the only private school in the area was Catholic. The
O'Keeffes could only afford to send one child at a time, and rotated public and private
education yearly. Georgia had many memories of being taught by strict and severe nuns. 
She received art instruction beginning in her youth and thus began a legacy of creative
genius. 
O'Keeffe's first interaction with the masters like Michaelangelo, Da Vinci, and
others was by copying famous works. This practice was widely used and encouraged in
art schools all over the world. Then she met a teacher who instructed her in the Dow
Method. "Instead of copying the works of others, [it] advocated that students produce
original artwork from the beginning of their instruction.(Hogrefe 25)." Alon Bement
taught Georgia most of the concepts she would ever use or apply in her artwork. This
was the summer of 1912 at the University of Virginia. 
After this, Georgia took up a teaching position in Amarillo, Texas, an area she
found to be paradisiacal. She was an excellent teacher, well- liked, and always kept her
students interested. The Texan landscape was like nothing she had ever seen before, with
skies and plains stretching out further than the mind could fathom. The places she saw
in
the West inspired her, and she could never escape it for very long without feeling a
strong
sense of longing. It was from there that she drew most of the objects, images and
memories which she put in her paintings. She lived out west for a significant portion of
her life because things were simpler and most people did not ask too many questions. 
One of O'Keeffe's friends from art school in New York City, Anna Pollitzer,
became a link to a great change for Georgia. Pollitzer knew Alfred Stieglitz, a world-
renowned photographer and proprietor of 291, a gallery in the city. In January of 1916,
she received some drawings from O'Keeffe, who was out west. They so amazed Pollitzer
that she broke a promise and brought them to show to Stieglitz. He saw them as a
revelation, and wanted to display them as soon as possible. O'Keeffe found out about the
show upon her return to New York City, and was enraged. She seemed to have a
problem with sharing her artwork with the general public, or anyone at all. Perhaps it
was
because she put so much of herself into her drawings and paintings; her sexuality, her
confidence, fears, experiences, and hopes. Like it or not, she was propelled into the
modern art world amongst other famous artists of her time: Marsden Hartley, Arthur
Dove, John Marin and others. These people were intellectuals, sometimes anarchists,
feminists, homosexuals, but always "considering the latest topics of human discourse
(Hogrefe 61)." It was in this context that O'Keeffe and Stieglitz got to know each
other.
Alfred Stieglitz was a much older man; many years Georgia's senior. The artist
had said that the man fell in love with her drawings long before he met her. Stieglitz
was
an unhappily married man, and his snobbish wife gave him an allowance from her share of 
her family's brewery profits. With this, Stieglitz took budding artists and friends out
to
lunch, to help them out or gain connections for displays in 291. At first, the
relationship
between him and O'Keeffe was innocent; a patron and artist, a student and teacher, or
perhaps even a father and daughter. Stieglitz's obviously paternalistic role could have
been a substitute for the role Georgia's father played early in her life. Alfred took
care of
her by selling her works for the equivalent of a year's living expenses, or other
practical
needs. O'Keeffe began to model for Stieglitz's camera, and an enormous portfolio of
breathtaking nude photography emerged after many years of accumulation. Of course,
Alfred's wife Emmy did not find it particularly breathtaking to come across the pair in
the
middle of a sitting. Georgia had not been the first woman the older man had had an
affair
with, and this time his marriage was over for good.
Stieglitz and O'Keeffe cohabited cramped New York City studio apartments, most
often occupying separate beds. They had a strange relationship which consisted of
similar
intellects, much stubborn and violent argument, and an artistic partnership where each
fed
off the other's creativity. Many biographers suggest that they were simply together
because it was convenient and mutually beneficial, and they had few emotional ties.
After
all, why would a woman who had such lesbian tendencies suddenly attach herself to a man
of such strong personality who seemed to dominate her? Stieglitz was a demanding
hypochondriac who always needed care, right up to his dying day. Theirs was an unusual
union, and after he passed on, Georgia continued her life in earnest.
This is far from the entire volume of Georgia O'Keeffe's lifetime. It was a long,
frequently lonely life, even when she was surrounded by people. She chose to isolate
herself from a growing, modernizing country where every mark she put on paper
supposedly represented the whole of the female gender. She sought to escape the
criticism and pressure of the city, and to create artwork freely, with no limits or
boundaries. O'Keeffe never aligned herself with any particular movement, such as the
cubists, surrealists, or expressionists. She simply painted what she saw, and the beauty
of
her reality existed in its perfect state in her own mind. 
Bibliography
Cited
Hogrefe, Jeffrey. O'Keeffe: The LIfe of an American Legend. New York:Bantam Books,
1992.