FREE ESSAY ON INCEST

INCEST

Until very recently around early part of 1970's, the sexual assault of children within
their families was rarely openly discussed until the emergence of the second wave of
feminism. Incest has been variously defined. The definition that will be used here is a
wide one, which includes sexual assault of a female child by a male member of her
immediate family ( father or stepfather) or extended family (brother, grandfathers and
uncles) and/or trusted family friends. These men are in generally in a relationship with
the child which involves trust and respect to an authority on the side of child, and
family, social and economic power on the side of the perpetrator. Children are vulnerable
and dependent on adults for their very survival.
As with other crimes of sexual assault, the sexual abuse of children is a crime which is
characterized by a high incidence of under- reporting. The reasons for this include the
fact that the abuse is taking place within the privacy of the family. The victims are
children of all ages some of whom are so young they cannot talk and do not have the
knowledge to know that anything is wrong. The perpetrators are men whose authority
children are told to obey. Often the child is also threatened to keep what is happening a
secret between the victim and the perpetrator and victim.
Until quite recently, with the rise of feminist base analysis on subject of child sexual
abuse, interpretations about child sexual abuse tried to it pinpoint the cause of this
crime anywhere but with its perpetrator. In this paper I will explore two different
explanations that try to explain child sexual abuse, the psychoanalytical theory as
propose by Freud ( I will not analysis farther interpretations of Freud's psychoanalytic
theory for it is too broad for the length of this paper nor will I discuss mother blame
in this theory because we will take it up in the dysfunctional family model ) and the
dysfunctional family model. I will give a feminist critic of the limitations of both
these theories and finally I will explore how feminist understand child sexual abuse and
explore some limitations inherent within the theory. I have decided to give a feminist
critic on these two models because Freud's psychoanalytical theory is the earliest
attempt to explain child sexual abuse and the dysfunctional family model because it is an
outgrowth of the psychoanalytic model. 
The earliest proposed explanation for the occurrence of sexual abuse, more specifically
incest (although he never called it incest) was Freud's psychoanalytic theory. He
developed this theory from his clinical work with female clients who disclosed childhood
sexual abuse, often at the hands of their fathers. Initially he believed these women, he
was the first to believe that the trauma of child sexual abuse resulted in later psychic
damage or what he termed 'hysteria'. He presented his finding in a paper called 'The
Aetiology of Hysteria' to his colleagues. After much criticism by his colleagues Freud
began to second guess himself and retracted his original theory on the basis that child
sexual abuse could not be as common as his patients led him to believe. He began to
disbelieve women when they came to him claiming to be sexually abused and proposed that
his patients were merely fantasying the sexual relationship with their fathers. Based on
this he developed a second theory called infantile fantasy of seduction which included
the ideas of the 'Oedipus complex' and 'penis envy'.
The Oedipus theory holds that little girls initial sees their mother as their love object
because of her early care and attention, but once the child sees the penis of another
male and recognizes it as superior counterpart of their own small organ and from that
time forward fall victim to envy for the penis(Freud, 1977, p. 335). As a result of
'penis envy' the child shifts her object of love from her mother to her father. Little
girls desire their fathers, behaving seductively towards them, and hate their mothers,
behaving competitively towards them. (Ward 1984, p.102). To explain Incest, Freud's
Oedipus Complex casts the daughter as the active desiring agent who wants her father to
be her lover. The child is seen as the seducer while the father is seen as the seduced.
In this view the father is seen as innocent and passive while the child is seen as the
aggressor.
Many psychiatrists and psychoanalysts have adopted the psychoanalytic theory as founded
by Freud which has had a huge influence on our understanding of sexual abuse. More
important, throughout my research I found that many myths surrounding child sexual abuse
that are common in our culture can be traced back to this theory. There are several
limitations of this approach and the validity has been seriously discredited. First
research has revealed that childhood sexual assault and incest does exist and are quite
prevalent. For example Liz Kelly et al (1991) surveyed 1244 young people between the ages
of 16 and 21. She found 59% of young women and 27% of young men reported at least one
sexually disturbing incident before the age of 18, and she estimates that one in two
girls and one in four boys will experience some form of sexual abuse before their
eighteenth birthday. As a result the infantile fantasy of seduction theory developed by
Freud has been seriously undermined. Another question that feminist ask which undermines
Freud's theory is how can an infant actively seduce her father?
While Freud initial took a victim oriented approach by listening to the victims of
childhood sexual abuse and showed tremendous empathy with victims in his first theory as
seen in the paper he wrote Aetiology of hysteria. However, Once Freud retracted his
original theory he went from actively listening to listening to victims to actively
silencing them by redefining their situation. He did not validate that they were abused,
he denied the abuse ever occurred. In his second theory instead of seeing 'hysteria' as
caused by their experience of child sexual abuse, he denied the reality of the sexual
assault, and proposed that his patients were merely fantasizing the sexual relationship
with their father. If the abuse did occur (which Freud believed to be very rare) it was
because the child seduced her father, the child was asking for it. He placed the blame
and responsibility for childhood sexual abuse and incest on the seductive child, not on
the offender where it should have been. His infantile fantasy of seduction theory as we
can see was no longer victim oriented, he did not give the victims a voice.
Another limitation to Freud's theory is it is one dimensional, it focuses on the
individual and the personality profile of the victim, i.e., a seductive child. Freud does
not take into account other social issues. He does not address gender, he does not allude
to the fact that victims of child sexual abuse are predominantly female while the
offenders are predominately male. Nor does he address the power relationship between the
child and the adult. It is not acknowledged that the fathers are powerful while the child
is powerless.
In contrast to the psychoanalytic approach based on Freud which focuses on the individual
as the cause of sexual abuse, the dysfunctional family model focuses on the family unit
as dysfunctional. The dysfunctional family theory has become one of the most widely held
explanations for the explanation for the existence of incest. The notion of the
dysfunctional family was proposed in the 1940's as an outgrowth of family psychiatry and
the influence of classic Freudian theory on this approach cannot be ignored. (Waldby et
al., p.93) 
In this view, incest is seen as a symptom of family maladjustment and it proposes that
all members of the family are responsible for causing the incest to occur, especially the
mother. The dysfunctional family tries to maintain itself through the sexual abuse of its
children by the father. Yet the father alone is not seen to be responsible for the abuse.
Not the father but the family is defined as 'incestuous'.
The foundation of this approach is a system of family norms. A family where incest is
occurring is seen to be dysfunctional because it does not conform to socially approved
goals or values and normal families hierarchies based on age and sex have been destroyed.
(Waldby et al, p. 93) Each family member takes on roles in the family such as wife and
mother, father and husband, daughter and sister, and son and brother. Role expectations
are placed on each family member within the family. For a family to be functional,
fathers and mothers must have a good sense of who they are. Each parent must be healthy
in order to have a healthy relationship. According to this approach the traditional
gender roles for men and women must be fulfilled, i.e., the male must be the bread winner
and the mother must be the care taker in order for the family to function. If the
marriage is dysfunctional, the family members are stressed and adopt dysfunctionally.
(Bradshaw, 1988, p.31) When adults cannot manage tension and conflict . . . It means that
adults take it out on children . . . a pattern commonly associated with sexual abuse, the
child is elevated into the parental hierarchy and the system stabilized through role
reversals . . . The child may also be assigned the role of surrogate parent for the other
children or, in the case of father-daughter incest, the role of surrogate wife. (Krugman,
1987, p.139)
Incest is seen as a symptom of a deeper problem within the family unit, insect is used to
reduce the tension and maintain balance within the family while ensuring that the family
pathology is kept a secret. Thus each family member would be seen as having an interest
in continuation of the abuse. (O'Hagan, 1989)
In this model the mother is blamed, she is seen to have failed in many ways. First, she
is viewed as a dysfunctional wife who does not fulfill her assigned role as sexual
provider for her husband for the husband , or her nurturing role as a mother and
protector of her child. She does this by being absent either emotionally or physically
from her children by working outside the home, pursuing outside interests and activities,
or through illness, hospitalization, escaping into depression, or by being emotionally
and/or sexually distant. (Waldby et al, pg.93)
This view also assumes that the mother's failure to provide enough nurturing means the
seductive child is looking for love and as a result accepts the sexual advances of the
sex-starved father as a substitute for the mothers' love. Both the mother and father are
seen as dysfunctional adults who seek a role reversal between the member of the family.
As a result the child has enormous responsibilities placed upon her such as house work,
child care, and the role of satisfying the sexual needs of her father. (Waldby et al.,
pg. 93)
The assumptions of this theory are that men have sexual needs that must be met, if his
wife is not available or does not want to fulfill his needs, they are then logically
transferred to his daughter. The mother is blamed for not protecting and allowing the
sexual abuse of her daughter to occur. Mother is also accused of knowing consciously or
unconsciously that incest is occurring but chooses to deny it.
Despite its widespread acceptance the dysfunctional family theory suffers sever
limitations. This approach perceives incest as a symptom of pathological family relations
which serves as a functional system to keep the family together, it reduces the painful
and often devastating effects that incest has on the child. This has implications for
treatment intervention as they deny the child's experience. The therapeutic focus is on
restoring normal family relationships and they see the sexual abuse as secondary. Child
sexual abuse is not seen as a crime but as a family problem. Thus this approach is not
victim oriented, instead it focuses on the functioning of the family.
This approach also displaces the responsibility of abuse from the abuser to the whole
family , and most frequently to the mother. The dysfunctional family model looks at every
one in the family as equal , but there is no equality between parents and children . Like
the psychoanalytical model, this theory ignores the age difference and the power
relationships between the father and daughter. This theory also ignore the gender
variable of child sexual abuse, it does not acknowledge the fact that abusers are
predominantly male and the victims are predominately female. 
Another limitation to the dysfunctional family model is that the theory argues that males
needs must be met one way or another . If his needs are not meet then he has to go
somewhere else. The mother has to make sure she performs her 'wifely duties' because if
she fails to do so he will then have to get his sexual needs met by someone else, Mom
must fulfill her traditional feminine role. This reinforces mother blame, and takes
responsibility away from dad, thus according to this model mom is to be dads sexual
gatekeeper. Mom is suppose to be home in the house doing the house work and making sure
sex is readily available to her husband but moms needs are ignored. Mom is inadequate and
absent and is therefore blamed for dads actions. In a prevalence study by Diana
Russell(1986) found that when mothers work outside the home it does not create an
increase risk of a child being sexually abused. Studies have also found that often times
the mother withdraws from sex with the father as a consequence of finding out about the
incest and the majority of mothers who find out about the sexual abuse of their daughter
leave their husbands (ward, 1984, p.169) This goes against the notion of the collusive
mother as assumed in the dysfunctional family model.
This theory is not starting on the micro level but instead starts on the macro level. It
reinforces the status quo (the patriarchal norm) or in other words the hierarchal ,
patriarchal family as the norm. What is really dysfunctional in these families is not
that members of the family fail to conform to their traditional role but that family
members are fulfilling their traditional role. All this theory does is support
stereotypical traditional gender roles where men hold to right to sexual service, power
and women and children remain powerless and objectified by men.
Feminism presents a different explanatory framework, This explanation understands sexual
assault to be a violent way in which men choose to impose their power over women. This
framework understands incest as an abuse of power that is gender specific and age
oriented (It is fathers (men) who hold power that sexually abuse their children). Unlike
the theories discussed above , the feminist theory begins from the victim of this crime,
and locates its causes within society rather than biology or in the mind of individual
perpetrator. Feminists have listened to the women and children who have broken the
silence around this crime and spoken of their experiences. By taking a victim oriented
approach feminist have contributed a great deal to understanding child sexual abuse. They
have placed the blame of child sexual abuse where it belongs - on the offender not the
victim. Feminist today have challenged the limited definition of what constitute sexual
violence and broadened the definition of sexual abuse such as the continuum of sexual
abuse.(Liz Kelly, 1988) 
This theory also focuses on the wider picture, of women living in a society which is
dominated by men. We live in a patriarchal society where men hold the most powerful
positions in the social , political, economic, legal, educational, religious and family
institutions. Men have held their position of power through rules and laws which have
come to appear natural and which places women in an inferior position
Men have economic, legal, political, physical, medical and social power over women, but
at the root of all these is sexual power. Sexual power is exercised at the most intimate
level, the most personal level. Male sexual power over women is expressed in public and
private. It is applied to women individually and collectively. It attempts to determine
how women dress, how they walk, how they sit; it maintains that every woman is good or
evil; and that no matter which she is, 'all she really wants is a good *censored*'. With
his ramrod he will tame her, brand her, possess her. Father-Daughter rape is the paradigm
par excellence of this social structuring of heterosexual relations. In Father-Daughter
rape we find the most powerless females being sexually used by the most powerful males.
Male adult to female child.(Ward 1984, p.195) 
Women and children hold little status in society. Women are seen by society as
subordinate and inferior to men. For example Women are discriminated against in the
workplace. A woman earns approximately 70 cents for every dollar a man makes. Jobs that
are available to women are often low-paying and dead-end. when explaining why men hold
the power in society feminist use the word 'gender' rather than sex. Gender is the social
construction of masculinity and femininity. Men are socialized by society to be
aggressive, emotionless, dominating, to objectify and conquer women. Gender is a social
construction and a social fact not a biological fact. To call gender a social fact means
that the division between the sexes is based on the way society is arranged. Images and
attributes of femininity and masculinity have been constructed, they are not natural. And
they have been constructed as a 'hierarchy of power'. 
Sexual assault is a brutal way of reinforcing the message that men are dominate over
women. Feminist see child sexual abuse as a continuum of violence against women. The
'something' or 'object' that the girl child becomes in the eyes of the father is a sexual
'aid' to his own expression of sexual power. The stimulus, in the being of the
girl-child, consists of her powerlessness and her femaleness (Ward, 1984, p.142). Men
assert their power over women and children thought the use of violence. In a family were
incest is occurring it is men who hold the power, women and children are powerless. Women
and child are financially dependant on the father, children are also emotionally
dependant on their father , the father dictate the rules and it is women and children who
obey these rules. Leni 
Dominelli (1989) call these families patriarchal nuclear families. Within these
patriarchal families there is a sever power imbalance between women , children and men.
This power imbalance is shaped by two variables 1) inequality of women + children and men
2) inequality of age. The power imbalance between fathers and daughters is sever when
incest is occurring . When fathers rape their daughters they are abusing their power, The
child complies with the abuse because her father is the head of the household and a adult
authority.
To sum up, if we use the feminist framework through which to view sexual assault, we use
the concepts of power, patriarchy and gender. We are then able to explain in a very much
more detailed way the high incidence of sexual assault in our society. Sexual assault,
rape and child sexual abuse are degrading enactments by men who choose to assert and
reinforce their power through violence, of a social system which is filled with the view
that men are superior to women.
While the Feminist theory did break the silence around Incest, and is effective in
helping to understanding incest, like all theories it also has some limitations. Firstly,
the initial Feminist theory (as does Freud's psychoanalytical theory and dysfunctional
family model) only focuses on one type of abuse - Incest. The sexual abuse of girl
children by their fathers in the household. Thus, feminist theory ignored the sexual
abuse of boys. This theory is limited in that it doesn't account for the sexual abuse of
males. Another downfall is that Father-Daughter Incest only accounts for 1/3 of child
sexual abuse. As a result the initial feminist perspective did not account for child
sexual abuse that occurs outside the family or in institutions by abusers other than
fathers. This is critical since a prevalent study by Diana Russell (1986) found that 62%
of abuse occurs outside the home and uncles are the number one abuser. 
Secondly, the initial aim of feminism was to educate not to develop a theory on child
sexual abuse and as a result feminist have understood incest as abuse of power that was
gender specific and age oriented. This understanding does not give a definition of power
it just tells us how power is shaped by gender and age. But in order for a concept to be
a analytical tools the concept must be defined.
Thirdly, Children's experiences are not the focal point of feminist analysis (as with
dysfunctional family and Freud's psychoanalytic theory). Thus feminist analysis is not a
child centered approach. Women's experiences have been missed historically and feminist
have said that women's experiences are being tagged on to men's. Now the feminist
analysis of child sexual abuse is missing children's experiences, they are tagging
children's experiences on to women's. For example sexual violence against women includes
child sexual abuse. The term patriarchy is used to understand child sexual abuse.
Patriarchy is defined as male dominance over women , children are invisible in this
definition. 
Finally, Feminism see the social construction of male sexuality as problematic but the
problem is how some male sexuality is socially constructed because not all men are
rapists or sexually abuse.
While feminist analysis of sexual abuse does have some limitations we have to acknowledge
that it does have many strengths. Feminism has brought us closer to understanding child
sexual abuse better than any other theory that I've read on the subject. To get an even
better understanding we need to take what we know from feminist and broaden it out and
develop it into a child centered approach that focuses on the experiences of children not
only on the experiences of adult survivors . We also need to compare men who abuse and
men who don't abuse and see what are the differences are. Maybe then we can get an even
better understanding of child sexual abuse.
Bibliography
Armstrong, Louise.1994. Rocking The Cradle Of Sexual Politics. Addison
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Kelly, Liz et al., 1991. An Exploratory Study of the Prevalence of Sexual Abuse in a
sample of 16-21 year Olds. London: University of North London.
MacLeod, Mary and Ester Saraga. 1988. Challenging the Orthodoxy: Towards a Feminist
Theory and Practise. Feminist Review 28:16-55.
O'Hagan , K. 1989. Working With Child Sexual Abuse: A Post- Cleveland Guide Effective
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