FREE ESSAY ON JEFFERSON

JEFFERSON

Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, was one of the most brilliant men
in history. His interests were boundless, and his accomplishments were great and varied.
He was
a philosopher, educator, naturalist, politician, scientist, architect, inventor, pioneer
in scientific
farming, musician, and writer, and was the foremost spokesmen for democracy in his day.
He was born at Shadwell in Goochland County, Virginia on April 13, 1743, to Jane
Randolph and Peter Jefferson. Jefferson Graduated from the college of William and Mary in
1760
(Adams, Page #26). His interest in science was fostered by Dr. William Small, teacher of
mathematics and philosophy, who introduced him to Gov. Francis Fauquier and to George
Wythe,
then the most noted teacher of law in Virginia. To "habitual conversation" with these
friends
Jefferson said he "owed much instruction" (Dos Passos, Page #102).
In 1767 Jefferson was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in the capitol
(Adams,
Page #43). Jefferson was elected justice of the peace and church vestryman in 1768. In
May of
the next year he was elected to the House of Burgesses, in which he served until the
house cease
to function in 1775. He was appointed county lieutenant of Albemarle in 1770 and the same
year
completed the building of his new home, Monticello. Two years later he married, January
1, 1772,
Martha Skelton, a widow who was both attractive and accomplished, the daughter of John
Wayles, a well known lawyer, and just before the College of William and Mary appointed
him
surveyor of the county in 1773 (Adams, Page #46-47). 
Jefferson's most remarkable contribution in legislative work before the Revolution came
through work on committees and though such writings as his paper to the Virginia
Convention, A
Summary View of the Rights of British America. In defining the grievances with Great
Britain,
Jefferson denied that Parliament had any authority over the colonies, and he attacked
the
restrictive acts passed by Parliament as a deliberate plan to destroy colonial freedom.
Jefferson
also accused the king of rejecting the best laws passed by colonial legislatures, of
preventing the
outlaw of slavery, of permitting his governors to break up colonial assemblies, and of
sending
armed forces without right to do so(Dos Passos, Page #169). On June 21, 1775 he was given
a
seat in the Continental Congress, appointed to the committee to draft the Declaration of
Independence, and he was chosen by the committee to write the declaration because of his
"peculiar felicity of style." The Declaration of Independence was formally adopted on
July 4,
1776 (Conlin Page #141-144). 
In 1776 Jefferson was elected to the Virginia legislature, giving up his seat in the
Continental Congress and declining an offer to serve with Benjamin Franklin and Silas
Deane as
commissioners to France, mostly because of personal reasons having to do with his family,
but
also, because he felt he could best serve the revolutionary cause by furthering the
reformation of
Virginia ( Adams, Page #98-99). He then served three years in the house of delegates.
While
there he began the revision of the laws of Virginia. His most noteworthy achievement
during this
time was his proposal of the Statute for Religious Freedom, which stated in Jefferson's
own
words, "that no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship,
place or
ministry whatsoever", and that no one should suffer in any way for their "religious
opinions or
beliefs." The bill was eventually adopted in 1786. Jefferson also had succeeded in the of
passing
bills to abolish primogeniture and entail. Although never passed, his Bill of Universal
Diffusion of
Knowledge, set forth a philosophy of providing free public schooling for all citizens
(Adams
Page #104-110). 
During this period, Jefferson managed to spend considerable time with his family, but
even in leisure he was never idle. He took up building projects at Monticello and
continued to
develop his land. Jefferson was a philosopher and at the same time an architect and
inventor. He
invented the dumbwaiter, a swivel chair, a lamp-heater, and an improved plow for which
the
French gave him a medal. He tinkered with clocks, steam engines, and metronomes. He
collected
plans of large cities and later helped in the planning of Washington, DC. Jefferson kept
an over
sea correspondence with Giovanni Fabbroni, an Italian naturalist, in order to compare
climate and
plant life in Virginia and southern Europe. He added to his valuable collection of books
and
bought instruments for making astronomical observations. He also fostered his love of
music. In
a letter to the Italian, Philip Mazzei, Jefferson describes music as "the favorite
passion of my
soul" and wished that his servants were also musicians, "so that one might have a
band...without
enlarging their domestic expenses" (Adams, Page #115-122).
Jefferson was elected governor of Virginia in 1779, at the age of thirty-six, where he
served two terms (Wibberley, Page #73). As a governor in the mist of a revolution,
Jefferson had
little military experience and could do little to directly help in war against Britain.
Virginia had no
standing army, or navy, and he could send no militia men because there were little or no
supplies
to equip them with. The government was continually having to retreat, and Jefferson sent
his
family off to safety in Tuckahoe (Wibberley, Page #80). Some blamed Jefferson for the
defeat at
Richmond and Charlottesville, and later a committee of the legislature investigated his
conduct in
office during the British invasion. Although he was exonerated, his reputation was badly
tarnished in his home state (Wibberley, Page #110). Jefferson refused to serve another
term as
governor, and even declined the appointment by Congress to go to Paris as a minister to
negotiate
peace. During this period he wrote The Notes on the State of Virginia containing essays
on a
variety of subjects ranging from the study of weather, through botany, anthropology,
zoology and
the philology of Indian languages to his private observations on how long it took a slave
to dig so
many cubic feet of clay out of a ditch. Through it Jefferson gained much of his
reputation as a
pioneer American scientist (Padover, Page #10). 
Jefferson was elected delegate to congress in June, 1783, and during this term he served
on almost every important committee and drafted as many as 31 state papers, one of the
most
important of which was a proposal for the organization of the Northwest Territory. The
proposal
was adopted by Congress but never put into effect, and was later rewritten and called
the
Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which left out Jefferson's clause on the abolition of
slavery. The
ordinance made provisions for newly acquired lands and their admittance to the United
States
(Adams Page #159-164). Another important proposal was Jefferson's report on the coinage
system. His recommendation of the establishment of the dollar as the central monetary
unit, with
a 10-dollar gold coin and a one-tenth-dollar silver and one-hundredth dollar copper coin,
was
eventually adopted by congress. He drew up a report on the definitive treaty of peace,
which was
adopted, and his report of December 20,1783, was accepted as the basis for procedure in
negotiating treaties of commerce with foreign countries (Wibberley Page #140). 
In 1784 Congress appointed Jefferson, with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, to
negotiate commercial treaties with foreign countries. He was appointed minister to France
in
1785 when Benjamin Franklin retired from the position and remained in France until
October
1789. One of Jefferson's most important functions in France was to report home how "the
vaunted scene of Europe...struck a savage of the mountains of America." Not impressed
Jefferson said, "It will make you adore your own country" (Adams Page #173-176).
Soon after Jefferson's return to the United Sates He was offered the appointment of
secretary of state by George Washington, which he accepted and entered the office on
March 22,
1790 (Dos Passos Page #360). During this period, Jefferson differed with Secretary of
the
Treasury Alexander Hamilton's theories of foreign policies and government fiancee, and
was
leader of a faction opposing Hamilton. Jefferson distrusted centralized power and
believed that
the purpose of government was to assure the freedom of individual citizens. Hamilton, on
the
other hand distrusted popular rule and once exclaimed, "The people is a great beast." The
rivalry
of the factions of Hamilton and Jefferson marked the beginning of the political parties
in the
United States. The Jefferson group denounced the Hamilton group and as monarchists and
claimed the title of Republicans (Dos Passos Page #368-372). The Hamilton party became
known
as the Federalists and the Jefferson party became know as the Democratic-Republicans
(Adams,
Page #246). 
The most important question confronting Jefferson as secretary of state grew out of the
policy of neutrality adopted by the United States toward its ally, France. At the time of
the
French revolution, Jefferson was determined that the United states should take no action
that
would oppose the principle right of the French people to revolt, yet he shared the
conviction of
Washington and Hamilton that US policies should be for America and French policies for
France. 
This policy was accepted by Washington in his Farewell Address. Jefferson resigned from
the
office of secretary on December 31, 1793, and retired to Monticello (Adams, Page
#251-253).
In 1796 John Adams, the Federalist candidate, was elected president. Jefferson, the
Republican candidate, was elected vice-president. Because Adams and Jefferson were
political
opponents although good personal friends, Jefferson played little part in the
administration.
Jefferson's attempts during this period to have Congress enact bills that would promote
public
education were not successful (Padover, Page #105). During this period he wrote the
Manual of
Parliamentary Practice, a book of parliamentary rules which was published in 1801 and
still
remains the standard for our legislative bodies (Adams, Page #279).
In the election of 1800 the Federalist party lost ground, and the Democratic-Republican
candidates, Jefferson and Aaron Burr, received an equal number of votes. Then it was up
to the
house of representatives to name one of them president. Jefferson was chosen to be the
first
president to be inaugurated in the city of Washington. He was re-elected in 1804,when
John
Adams, as a Republican elector from Massachusetts, voted for him (Adams, Page #297).
During
his term in the office he pardoned all those still imprisoned under the Sedition Act. He
reenacted
the five-year residency requirement for citizenship, and replaced all Federalist office
holders with
Republicans. He also enacted a plan to remove the national debt by 1817, while at the
same time
reducing taxes (Conlin Page #205). The greatest achievements of Jefferson's
administration were
the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Meriwether Lewis and William Clark expedition
through
the Northwest part of the territory acquired in the purchase, in 1804 (Adams Page
#318-319).
Jefferson retired from the White House to Monticello on March 4,1809, and from then on
his chief public interest was education. He wrote to Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours in
1816:
"Enlighten the people generally and tyranny and oppressions of both mind and body will
vanish
like evil spirits at the dawn of day" (Padover, Page #274). In 1814 he became a trustee
of the
then unorganized Albemarle Academy, which later became Central College. The University
of
Virginia later developed, from which came the realization of Jefferson's dream of free
public
education. Many of the architectural specifications for buildings of the university were
drawn by
Jefferson himself, and many of the structures on the campus were built under his direct
supervision (Adams, Page #351-352). He also designed his own home Monticello, and
anonymously entered a competition among architects for the designing of the White House
itself
(Conlin, Page #204). In 1815 Jefferson sold his 6500 volume collection to the federal
government for a mere $23,950 in the restoration of the Library of Congress, which was
being
built up again after its destruction in the British's burning Washington in the War of
1812
(Adams, Page #336). 
Jefferson never lost faith in his concept of progress though education nor his faith in
"the
people", that they would responsibly "elect the really good and wise." Late in life he
wrote to his
friend John Adams: "You and I will yet look down from heaven with joy at the fulfillment
of our
great dreams." Both men died on the same day, July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of
the
Declaration of Independence (Adams, Page #356-358).
Dos Passos, J. (1954). The head and heart of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Double &
Company, Inc.
Wibberly, L. (1964). A dawn in the trees. New York: Farrar, Straus and Company.
Adams, J. (1936). The living Jefferson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Padover, S. (1956). A Jefferson profile as revealed in his letters. New York: The John
Day
Company.
Conlin, J. (1997). The American past. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace