FREE ESSAY ON KING RICHARD 1

KING RICHARD 1

My report is on Richard I, byname Richard the Lion-Hearted. He was born September 8, 1157
in
Oxford, England. He died on April 6, 1199 in Chalus, England. His knightly manner and his
prowess in the
Third Crusade(1189-92) made him a popular king in his own time, as well as the hero of
countless romantic
legends. He has been viewed less kindly by more recent historians and scholars.
Richard was the third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he was given the
duchy of
Aquitaine, his mother's inheritance, at the age of 11 and was enthroned as duke at
Poitiers in 1172. Richard
possessed precocious political and military ability, he won fame for his knightly
prowess, and quickly learned
how to control the turbulent aristocracy of Poitou and Gascony. Like all Henry II's
legitimate sons, Richard
had no filial piety, foresight, or sense of responsibility. He joined his brothers in the
great
rebellion(1173-74)against his father, who invaded Aquistaine twice before Richard
submitted and received
pardon. Thereafter, Richard was occupied with suppressing baronial revolts in his own
duchy. His harshness
infuriated the Gascons, who revolted in 1183 and called in the help of the "Young King"
Henry and his brother,
Geoffrey of Brittany, in an effort to drive Richard from his duchy altogether. Alarmed at
the threatened
disintegration of his empire, Henry II brought the feudal host of his continental lands
to Richard's aid, but the
younger Henry died suddenly(June 11, 1183)and the uprising collapsed. Richard was now
heir to England, and to
Normandy and Anjou, and his father wished him to yield Aquitaine to his youngest brother,
John. But Richard,
a true southerner, would not surrender the duchy in which he had grown up.
Richard received Normandy on July 20, and the English throne on September 30. Richard,
unlike
Philip, had only one ambition, to lead the crusade prompted by Saladin's capture of
Jerusalem in 1187. He had
no conception of planning for the future of the English monarchy, and put up everything
for sale to buy arms for
the crusade. Yet he had not become king to preside over the dismemberment of the Angevin
Empire. He broke
with Philip and didn't neglect Angevin defenses on the Continent. Open war was averted
only because Philip
also took the cross. Richard dipped deep into his father's treasure and sold sheriffdoms
and other offices. With
all this, he raised a formidable fleet and an army, and in 1190 he departed for the Holy
Land, traveling through
Sicily.
Richard found the Sicilians hostile, and took Messina by storm(October 4). To prevent the
German
Emperor Henry VI from ruling their country, the Sicilians had elected the native, Tancred
of Lecce, who had
imprisoned the late king's wife, Joan of England(Richard's sister), and denied her
possession of her dower. By
the Treaty of Messina, Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged
Tancred as king of
Sicily, declared Arthur of Brittany(Richard's nephew)to be his own heir, and provided for
Arthur to marry
Tancred's daughter. This treaty infuriated the Germans, who were also taking part in the
Third Crusade, and
it incited Richard's brother, John, to treachery and rebellion. Richard joined the other
crusaders at Acre on June
8, 1191, conquered Cyprus on his way there. While at Limassol in Cyprus, Richard
married(May 12)Berengaria
of Navarre.
Acre fell in July 1191, and on September 7, Richard's brilliant victory at Arsuf put the
crusaders in
possession of Joppa. Twice Richard led his forces to within o few miles of Jerusalem. But
the recapture of the
city, which constituted the chief aim of the Third Crusade, eluded him. There were fierce
quarrels among the
French, German, and English contingents. Richard insulted Leopold V, duke of Austria, by
tearing down his
banner and quarreled with Philip Augustus, who returned to France after the fall of Acre.
Richard's candidate
for the crown of Jerusalem was his vassal, Guy de Lusignan, whom he supported against the
German
candidate, Conrad of Montferrat. It was rumored, unjustly, that Richard connived at
Conrad's murder. After
a year's unproductive skirmishing, Richard(September 1192)made a truce for three years
with Saladin that
permitted the crusaders to hold Acre and a thin coastal strip, and gave Christian
pilgrims free access to the
holy places.
Richard sailed home by way of the Adriatic, because of French hostility, and a storm,
drove his ship
ashore near Venice. Because of the enmity of Duke Leopold, he disguised himself only to
be discovered at
Vienna in December 1192, and imprisoned in the Duke's castle at Durnstein on the Danube.
Later, he was
handed over to Henry VI, who kept him at various imperial castles. It was around
Richard's captivity in a
castle, whose identity was at first unknown in England, that the famous romance of
Blondel was woven in the
13th century. Under the threat of being handed over to Philip II, Richard agreed to the
harsh terms imposed by
Henry VI, a colossal random of 150,000 marks, and the surrender of his kingdom to the
Emperor, on condition
that he receive it back as a fief. The raising of 
the ransom money was one of the most remarkable fiscal measures of the 12th century and
gives striking proof of
the prosperity of England. A very high proportion of the ransom was paid, and meanwhile
(February
1194)Richard was released.
He returned at once to England and was crowned for the second time on April 17, featuring
that the
independence of his kingship had been compromised. Within a month he went to Normandy,
never to return. 
His last five years were spent in warfare against Philip II, interspersed with occasional
truces. The King left
England in the capable hands of Hubert Walter, justifier and archbishop of Canterbury. It
was Richard's
impetuosity that brought him to his death at the early age of forty-two. The Vicomte of
Limoges refused to
hand over a hoard of gold unearthed by a local peasant. Richard laid siege to his castle
of Chalus and in an
unlucky moment was wounded. He died in 1199. He was buried in the abbey church of
Fontevrault, where
Henry II and Queen Eleanor are also buried, and his effigy is still preserved there.
Richard was a thoroughgoing Angevin, irresponsible and hot-tempered, possessed of
tremendous
energy, and capable of great cruelty. He was more accomplished than most of his family, a
soldier of
consummate ability, a skillful politician, and capable of inspiring loyal service. He was
a lyrical poet of
considerable power and the hero of troubadours. He was both an honored and despised man.
Bibliography
1.A History of the Crusades; Vol. 3; 1954
2.Richard the Lion Heart; K. Norgate; 1969
3.Itinerary of King Richard the First; L.Landon; 1935
4.Loss of Normandy 1189-1204; 2nd Edition; 1961
5.Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings; A. Kelly;
1950
6.Encyclopedia Britannica Online; www.eb.com; 1999