FREE ESSAY ON SPEECH BY NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN

SPEECH BY NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gave this speech to the House of Commons on
September 1, 1939, just hours after Hitler's troops had invaded Poland. Chamberlain and
others had spent years negotiating with Hitler in order to prevent another war in Europe,
two decades after the Great War in which an entire generation of young men had been wiped
out. Negotiations with Hitler had included surrendering the sovereign rights of
Czechoslovakia and standing by as Hitler's troops took Austria. By 1939, Hitler desired
war and any further attempts to negotiate peace were doomed to failure. The Nazis then
staged a fake attack on a German radio outpost along the German-Polish border and used
that as an excuse for invasion.
I do not propose to say many words tonight. The time has come when action rather than
speech is required. Eighteen months ago in this House I prayed that the responsibility
might not fall upon me to ask this country to accept the awful arbitrament of war. I fear
that I may not be able to avoid that responsibility. 
But, at any rate, I cannot wish for conditions in which such a burden should fall upon me
in which I should feel clearer than I do today as to where my duty lies. 
No man can say that the Government could have done more to try to keep open the way for
an honorable and equitable settlement of the dispute between Germany and Poland. Nor have
we neglected any means of making it crystal clear to the German Government that if they
insisted on using force again in the manner in which they had used it in the past we were
resolved to oppose them by force. 
Now that all the relevant documents are being made public we shall stand at the bar of
history knowing that the responsibility for this terrible catastrophe lies on the
shoulders of one man, the German Chancellor, who has not hesitated to plunge the world
into misery in order to serve his own senseless ambitions... 
Only last night the Polish Ambassador did see the German Foreign Secretary, Herr von
Ribbentrop. Once again he expressed to him what, indeed, the Polish Government had
already said publicly, that they were willing to negotiate with Germany about their
disputes on an equal basis. 
What was the reply of the German Government? The reply was that without another word the
German troops crossed the Polish frontier this morning at dawn and are since reported to
be bombing open towns. In these circumstances there is only one course open to us. 
His Majesty's Ambassador in Berlin and the French Ambassador have been instructed to hand
to the German Government the following document: 
Early this morning the German Chancellor issued a proclamation to the German Army which
indicated that he was about to attack Poland. Information which has reached His Majesty's
Government in the United Kingdom and the French Government indicates that attacks upon
Polish towns are proceeding. In these circumstances it appears to the Governments of the
United Kingdom and France that by their action the German Government have created
conditions, namely, an aggressive act of force against Poland threatening the
independence of Poland, which call for the implementation by the Government of the United
Kingdom and France of the undertaking to Poland to come to her assistance. I am
accordingly to inform your Excellency that unless the German Government are prepared to
give His Majesty's Government satisfactory assurances that the German Government have
suspended all aggressive action against Poland and are prepared promptly to withdraw
their forces from Polish territory, His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom will
without hesitation fulfill their obligations to Poland. 
If a reply to this last warning is unfavorable, and I do not suggest that it is likely to
be otherwise, His Majesty's Ambassador is instructed to ask for his passports. In that
case we are ready. 
Yesterday, we took further steps towards the completion of our defensive preparation.
This morning we ordered complete mobilization of the whole of the Royal Navy, Army and
Royal Air Force. We have also taken a number of other measures, both at home and abroad,
which the House will not perhaps expect me to specify in detail. Briefly, they represent
the final steps in accordance with pre-arranged plans. These last can be put into force
rapidly, and are of such a nature that they can be deferred until war seems inevitable.
Steps have also been taken under the powers conferred by the House last week to safeguard
the position in regard to stocks of commodities of various kinds. 
The thoughts of many of us must at this moment inevitably be turning back to 1914, and to
a comparison of our position now with that which existed then. How do we stand this time?
The answer is that all three Services are ready, and that the situation in all directions
is far more favorable and reassuring than in 1914, while behind the fighting Services we
have built up a vast organization of Civil Defense under our scheme of Air Raid
Precautions. 
As regards the immediate manpower requirements, the Royal Navy, the Army and the Air
Force are in the fortunate position of having almost as many men as they can conveniently
handle at this moment. There are, however, certain categories of service in which men are
immediately required, both for Military and Civil Defense. These will be announced in
detail through the press and the BBC. 
The main and most satisfactory point to observe is that there is today no need to make an
appeal in a general way for recruits such as was issued by Lord Kitchener 25 years ago.
That appeal has been anticipated by many months, and the men are already available. So
much for the immediate present. Now we must look to the future. It is essential in the
face of the tremendous task which confronts us, more especially in view of our past
experiences in this matter, to organize our manpower this time upon as methodical,
equitable and economical a basis as possible. 
We, therefore, propose immediately to introduce legislation directed to that end. A Bill
will be laid before you which for all practical purposes will amount to an expansion of
the Military Training Act. Under its operation all fit men between the ages of 18 and 41
will be rendered liable to military service if and when called upon. It is not intended
at the outset that any considerable number of men other than those already liable shall
be called up, and steps will be taken to ensure that the manpower essentially required by
industry shall not be taken away. 
There is one other allusion which I should like to make before I end my speech, and that
is to record my satisfaction of His Majesty's Government, that throughout these last days
of crisis Signor Mussolini also has been doing his best to reach a solution. It now only
remains for us to set our teeth and to enter upon this struggle, which we ourselves
earnestly endeavored to avoid, with determination to see it through to the end. 
We shall enter it with a clear conscience, with the support of the Dominions and the
British Empire, and the moral approval of the greater part of the world. 
We have no quarrel with the German people, except that they allow themselves to be
governed by a Nazi Government. As long as that Government exists and pursues the methods
it has so persistently followed during the last two years, there will be no peace in
Europe. We shall merely pass from one crisis to another, and see one country after
another attacked by methods which have now become familiar to us in their sickening
technique. 
We are resolved that these methods must come to an end. If out of the struggle we again
re-establish in the world the rules of good faith and the renunciation of force, why,
then even the sacrifices that will be entailed upon us will find their fullest
justification. 
Neville Chamberlain - September 1, 1939
On September 3, amid the continuing Nazi lightning attack (Blitzkrieg) against Poland,
Chamberlain announced that a state of war now existed. 
Chamberlain remained Prime Minister until May of 1940. Following Hitler's invasion of
Norway and Denmark, Chamberlain was driven from the House of Commons amid the hoots and
chants of even his own supporters. He was replaced on May 10, 1940, by Winston
Churchill.