FREE ESSAY ON SPORT PSYCHOLOGY

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY

Sport Psychology: How it Helps Athletes
In our society today it seems like sports rule the land. Everywhere we look, there is
some kind of sporting event going on or being televised. Almost everyone could be
considered a fan of at least one sport. Some people follow sports like a religion. With
such an increased focus on sports, the athlete's performances are put under a microscope.
This puts more pressure on athletes to give a winning performance. No longer do athletes
play for fun, they play to win. This isn't happening just on the professional level; it
is happening on all levels of sport. From little league to backyard football, the goal is
to win at all cost. With this increase pressure, athletes are looking for more and more
ways to better their performance. One such way, which is now gaining popularity, is
Sports Psychology. Though this isn't a new field, its popularity is just beginning to
take off. There is still a lot of skepticism about the validity or worth while of the
practices used. The following is a review of a number of articles that outline different
studies done that show how athletes can improve their performances. The articles were
found using a database search of PsychInfo. Keywords such as increased performance,
psychological practices, and sports were used to narrow the search. 
What is Sport Psychology?
Over the years there have been many different definitions offered as to what Sport
Psychology is. One of the best ways to look at it is to ask what does a psychologist do?
A psychologist does a variety of things. They provide psychological assessment, crisis
intervention, and psychological service. Just to name a few broad areas. All of these are
areas that can also be useful to an athlete. A lot of the tools used by a sport
psychologist are adapted directly from clinical psychology. Concepts such as Freud's
Psychodynamics, Caltel's Personality Test, and The Piagetial Cognitive Theory are widely
used. (Sloubanov, 1999) All of these are critical tools used by a sport psychologist to
assist an athlete with his or her problem. Sport psychology involves preparing the mind
of an athlete, just as one prepares the body. Sport psychology is an emerging field in
the worlds of psychology and athletics. 
What Methods are Used?
The problem that an athlete is facing will dictate what type of approach a sport
psychologist takes. Issues such as motivation, self-efficacy, and depression are common
in the athletic arena. (Miserandino, 1998, p. 287) Athletes can also suffer greatly from
anxiety and stress. (Holm, Beckwith, Ehde, Tinius, 1995, p. 463) Any of these conditions
can be detrimental to ones competitive ability. Techniques such as mental imagery
training and relaxation techniques can be used to attack problems in these areas.
(McKenzie, Howe, 1997, p. 196) Marianne Miserandino's research was focused on failure,
and why athletes believe that they don't accomplish their goals. She learned that
starting at young age, athletes are told that failure comes from their lack of ability.
This is called learned helplessness. (Miserandino, 1998, p. 287) In her study she
approached this problem by splitting her subject into two groups. One group received
feedback about their shooting techniques and were told that lack of effort was the reason
for missed shots, not lack of ability. The other group received only feedback on their
techniques. After her 4-week study was done, the group that received the positive
reinforcement showed more mastery of the skills and greater improvement than their
counterparts. (Miserandino, 1998 p. 286)
Another study also used basketball free throws as the basis for its study. Craig Wrisberg
and Mark Anshel did this study. It looks at the effectiveness of applying cognitive
techniques to improve performance of shooting free throws. (Wrisberg, Anshel, 1989, p.
95) Participants in the study were asked to shoot a number of free throws to provide a
baseline for the study. Over the next three days, the athletes were giving instruction in
between shooting sessions. They were introduced to mental imagery as a way to help with
their shooting. The results showed a significant improvement in shot percentages of the
players. (Wrisberg, Anshel, 1989, p. 99)
The Holm, Beckwith, Ehde, and Tinius study also looked at the use of cognitive approaches
to athletic performance. They we interested in the role of stress and anxiety. College
athletes were split into two groups. One group participated in daily two-hour group
sessions that introduced them to a variety of cognitive-behavioral interventions. These
methods were discussed and practiced. The subjects were also asked to do a homework
assignment outside of the group sessions. This went on for seven weeks. At the end of the
study, the group who went through the program showed a significant decrease in anxiety,
increases in academic performance, and increase in successful athletic performance. (Holm
et al., 1995)
Where is the Research Going
G. Fitts opened the first lab associated with sport psychology in 1895.(Sloubanov, 1999)
Since his experiments on behaviorism and stimulus/response, there has been much progress
and many changes. Sport has gone through a great metamorphosis that no one of that time
could ever imagine. Today sport psychology has moved from the simple experiments of the
early labs to sophisticated trials and tests. Focus is now on subjects as mental health ,
psychopysiological reactivity, and body image and esteem. (Gauvin, Spence, 1995, p. 436)
The world of athletics is now a business, and now like other businesses, is always
looking for ways to improve itself. 
Conclusion
Since athletics seems to be moving from being a pastime to a way of life for many in
today's world, it is important that there is a means to improve performance. The
corporate world has long been using psychological techniques to improve employee
performance. It was only a matter of time before the athletic world adopted the same
practices. Some people are skeptical about the validity of sport psychology, while others
live by it. With sports producing hundreds of millions of dollars each year. It is
important that athletes do everything that they can to improve the way that they play.
Sport psychology is a valid, scientific way for athletes to do just that.