FREE ESSAY ON THE BOISPHERE

THE BOISPHERE

The Biosphere:
The biosphere is part of the earth in which life exists. It is 20 km thick from the
bottom of the ocean to the lower atmosphere. It consists of three layers: the
lithosphere, which is the land on the surface of the earth; the hydrosphere, which
comprises of the water on the earth as well as water vapor in the air; and the
atmosphere, which is made up of the air that surrounds the earth. The living organisms in
the biosphere interact and affect each other in many ways. This is called a biotic
factor. Similarly, there are non-living elements that have an effect on living organisms,
these are considered abiotic factors. Examples of abiotic factors are air, temperature,
water, soil, light, and minerals. 
In a biosphere, organisms live in special groupings. For instance, a population consists
of all individuals of a species living in a general area. A community is a population
located in a certain area living among different species. An ecosystem is yet a larger
conglomeration of a population, a community, and abiotic factors. Ecosystems can be
aquatic or terrestrial. The earth's aquatic ecosystem makes up about 75% of the earth's
surface. This aquatic environment is divided into marine and freshwater environments. The
earth's terrestrial ecosystem is mainly made up of forests and deserts, which make up for
25% of the earth's surface. 
The role or function of an organism in a community is that organism's niche. An
organism's niche is an area picked by that organism based on physical factors such as
temperature, light, oxygen and carbon dioxide content and biological factors such as
food, competition for resources and predators. This niche provides the organism a place
to live in. A habitat remains consistent with an organism's niche as well as provides the
organism with a place to reproduce. In this case, organisms may have the same habitat,
but different niches. 
There are three types of relationships involving the interactions between organisms. They
are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism is a relationship where both
organisms benefit from their interaction with each other. An example is the honey bee and
a flowering plant. Commensalism only benefits one organism, but the other organism is not
affected. Parasitism only benefits one organism and harms the other organism, which most
of the time is the host. 
In the ecosystem, matter and nutrients are cycled via biogeochemical cycles such as
water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and phosphorous. The burning of fossil fuels contributes
to the industrial cycle of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This contributes to the
greenhouse effect, which has been a reason for global warming. Nitrogen is found in the
atmosphere and makes up about 78% of the earth's air mixture. Oxygen makes up about 22%
of the earth's air mixture, and pollutants make up about 1% of the earth's air mixture.
Nitrogen is important in the development of organisms on earth, as the make compounds
such as proteins and amino acid. These compounds are important because they make up DNA
and other compounds crucial to the formation and sustenance of life. 
Changes in an ecosystem are brought about by different factors. For example, ecological
succession brings about the replacement of one community by another in an ecosystem. In
other instances, organisms that colonize an area with no community present are considered
pioneer organisms. A climax community is the final stage of development of organisms and
can be disrupted by a major catastrophe like a volcanic eruption.